id: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/class/ProvenanceEvent name: ProvenanceEvent title: Provenance Event Class prefixes: linkml: https://w3id.org/linkml/ hc: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/ schema: http://schema.org/ crm: http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/ dcterms: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# aat: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/ prov: http://www.w3.org/ns/prov# imports: - linkml:types - ../metadata - ./TimeSpan - ./CustodianPlace - ../enums/ProvenanceEventTypeEnum - ../slots/event_id - ../slots/object_ref - ../slots/event_type - ../slots/event_date - ../slots/price - ../slots/price_currency - ../slots/provenance_text - ../slots/has_auction_house - ../slots/has_auction_sale_name - ../slots/certainty_level - ../slots/certainty_note - ../slots/has_or_had_custodian_type - ../slots/dealer_name - ../slots/documentation - ../slots/documentation_url - ../slots/event_date_text - ../slots/event_note - ../slots/event_timespan - ../slots/footnote - ../slots/from_owner # REMOVED 2026-01-15: from_owner_text - migrated to has_or_had_structured_description (Rule 53, symmetry with to_owner_text) - ../slots/lot_number - ../slots/nazi_era_flag - ../slots/price_text - ../slots/requires_research - ../slots/specificity_annotation - ../slots/template_specificity - ../slots/to_owner - ../slots/has_or_had_structured_description # was: to_owner_text - migrated per Rule 53 (2026-01-15) # REMOVED 2026-01-15: transfer_location, transfer_location_text - migrated to event_location (Rule 53) - ../slots/event_location - ./SpecificityAnnotation - ./TemplateSpecificityScores default_prefix: hc classes: ProvenanceEvent: class_uri: crm:E8_Acquisition description: "An event representing a change in ownership or custody of a heritage object.\n\nProvenanceEvent models the\ \ CHAIN OF OWNERSHIP - who owned the object, when,\nand how ownership transferred between parties.\n\n**Key Distinction**:\n\ \n| Concept | Class | Description |\n|---------|-------|-------------|\n| **Ownership change** | **ProvenanceEvent**\ \ | **Sale, gift, confiscation** |\n| Temporary custody | Loan | Exhibition loan, study loan |\n| Physical condition\ \ | ConservationRecord | Condition, treatment |\n\n**Ontology Alignment**:\n\n- **CIDOC-CRM**: crm:E8_Acquisition (primary)\n\ \ \"Comprises the actions by which legal ownership of physical objects \n is transferred from one person or institution\ \ to another.\"\n- **CIDOC-CRM**: crm:E10_Transfer_of_Custody (for custody without ownership)\n- **PROV-O**: prov:Activity\ \ (provenance activity)\n- **Schema.org**: schema:TransferAction\n\n**Provenance Research Standards**:\n\nSupports key\ \ provenance research requirements:\n- **Nazi-era provenance**: Washington Principles, Terezín Declaration\n- **Due\ \ diligence**: AAMD guidelines, UNESCO 1970 Convention\n- **Restitution research**: Documentation of forced transfers\n\ \n**Certainty Levels**:\n\nProvenance events can have varying certainty:\n- **CERTAIN**: Documentary evidence confirms\ \ transfer\n- **PROBABLE**: Strong circumstantial evidence\n- **POSSIBLE**: Reasonable inference from context\n- **UNCERTAIN**:\ \ Speculative or unverified\n\n**Example Provenance Chain**:\n\n```\n1665: CREATION (Vermeer creates painting)\n \ \ ↓\nc.1665-74: COMMISSION/PURCHASE (van Ruijven acquires)\n ↓\n1696: AUCTION (Dissius sale, Amsterdam)\n ↓\n\ 1881: PURCHASE (des Tombe buys for 30 guilders)\n ↓\n1903: BEQUEST (des Tombe bequeaths to Mauritshuis)\n```\n" exact_mappings: - crm:E8_Acquisition close_mappings: - crm:E10_Transfer_of_Custody - prov:Activity - schema:TransferAction - aat:300055863 related_mappings: - crm:E7_Activity - schema:Action slots: - has_auction_house - has_auction_sale_name - certainty_level - certainty_note - has_or_had_custodian_type - dealer_name - documentation - documentation_url - event_date - event_date_text - event_id - event_note - event_timespan - event_type - footnote - from_owner # MIGRATED 2026-01-15: from_owner_text → has_or_had_structured_description (Rule 53, symmetry with to_owner_text) - lot_number - nazi_era_flag - object_ref - price - price_currency - price_text - provenance_text - requires_research - specificity_annotation - template_specificity - to_owner - has_or_had_structured_description # was: to_owner_text - migrated per Rule 53 (2026-01-15) # MIGRATED 2026-01-15: transfer_location, transfer_location_text → event_location (Rule 53) - event_location slot_usage: event_id: identifier: true required: true range: uriorcurie examples: - value: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/mauritshuis-670-001 - value: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/rijksmuseum-sk-c-5-005 object_ref: required: true range: uriorcurie inlined: false examples: - value: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/object/mauritshuis-girl-pearl-earring event_type: required: true range: ProvenanceEventTypeEnum examples: - value: BEQUEST - value: AUCTION - value: CONFISCATION event_date: required: false range: date examples: - value: '1903-01-01' - value: '1696-05-16' event_date_text: required: false range: string examples: - value: c. 1665 - value: by 1674 - value: May 16, 1696 - value: before 1881 - value: 1933-1945 description: Nazi era date range event_timespan: required: false range: TimeSpan inlined: true examples: - value: begin_of_the_begin: '1664-01-01' end_of_the_end: '1674-12-31' description: Owned c. 1665-74 (approximately) from_owner: required: false range: uriorcurie inlined: false examples: - value: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/person/des-tombe to_owner: required: false range: uriorcurie inlined: false examples: - value: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/custodian/nl/mauritshuis has_or_had_structured_description: # was: to_owner_text, from_owner_text - migrated per Rule 53 (2026-01-15) description: | Owner (source or destination) described as text when no structured entity exists. MIGRATED from to_owner_text and from_owner_text per slot_fixes.yaml (Rule 53, 2026-01-15). Use Description class with description_type to distinguish: - "from_owner": Previous owner (source of transfer) - "to_owner": New owner (destination of transfer) required: false multivalued: true examples: # from_owner examples (migrated from from_owner_text) - value: description_text: A.A. des Tombe, The Hague (1881-1903) description_type: from_owner description: Previous owner as text with dates and location - value: description_text: Pieter van Ruijven, Delft (c. 1665-1674) description_type: from_owner description: Historical owner with approximate dates - value: description_text: Unknown German collector description_type: from_owner description: Anonymous previous owner # to_owner examples (migrated from to_owner_text) - value: description_text: Mauritshuis, The Hague description_type: to_owner description: Transfer destination as text (when structured entity not available) - value: description_text: Maria de Knuijt, widow of van Ruijven description_type: to_owner description: Historical owner as text # MIGRATED 2026-01-15: transfer_location, transfer_location_text → event_location (Rule 53) event_location: description: | Location where the provenance event (ownership/custody transfer) occurred. Replaces bespoke transfer_location and transfer_location_text slots. required: false range: CustodianPlace multivalued: true inlined: true examples: - value: place_name: Amsterdam country: NL description: Event at auction in Amsterdam - value: place_name: Dissius sale, Amsterdam description: Specific sale event location - value: place_name: Christie's, London country: GB description: Auction house location price: required: false range: decimal examples: - value: 30 description: 30 guilders (1881 purchase) - value: 30000000 description: Modern equivalent estimate price_currency: required: false range: string examples: - value: NLG description: Dutch guilders - value: EUR - value: USD - value: RM description: Reichsmarks (Nazi era) price_text: required: false range: string examples: - value: 30 guilders - value: Purchased for 2 stuivers 10 guilders - value: Forced sale for nominal sum has_auction_house: required: false range: string examples: - value: Christie's - value: Sotheby's - value: Dorotheum has_auction_sale_name: required: false range: string examples: - value: Dissius sale - value: Important Old Master Paintings - value: The Collection of [Name] lot_number: required: false range: string examples: - value: '36' - value: Lot 127A dealer_name: required: false range: string examples: - value: Paul Cassirer - value: Goupil & Cie documentation: required: false range: string multivalued: true examples: - value: Dissius sale catalogue, Amsterdam, May 16, 1696, lot 36 - value: Hofstede de Groot, vol. 1, no. 44 - value: Braamcamp sale, Amsterdam, July 31, 1771, lot 54 documentation_url: required: false range: uri multivalued: true examples: - value: https://rkd.nl/explore/provenance/12345 - value: https://www.getty.edu/research/provenance/sales certainty_level: required: false range: string examples: - value: CERTAIN - value: PROBABLE - value: POSSIBLE certainty_note: required: false range: string examples: - value: Confirmed by sale catalogue and receipt - value: Inferred from stylistic analysis and collection history - value: Provenance gap 1933-1945 requires further research provenance_text: required: false range: string examples: - value: A.A. des Tombe, The Hague (purchased 1881, d. 1903) - value: Dissius sale, Amsterdam, May 16, 1696, lot 36 footnote: required: false range: string multivalued: true examples: - value: '[1] Montias 1989, p. 256, doc. 437' - value: '[2] The painting was catalogued as ''A Tronij painted in Turkish fashion''' nazi_era_flag: required: false range: boolean examples: - value: true description: Event during 1933-1945 period requires_research: required: false range: boolean examples: - value: true description: Provenance gap 1933-1945 event_note: required: false range: string multivalued: true examples: - value: des Tombe purchased at auction for 30 guilders, a bargain price - value: The painting's attribution to Vermeer was not recognized until later has_or_had_custodian_type: equals_expression: '["hc:GalleryType", "hc:MuseumType", "hc:ArchiveOrganizationType", "hc:LibraryType", "hc:ResearchOrganizationType", "hc:HolySacredSiteType", "hc:BioCustodianType", "hc:PersonalCollectionType"]' comments: - ProvenanceEvent models ownership transfers in an object's history - Links to ExhibitedObject via object_ref relationship - Uses ProvenanceEventTypeEnum for event classification - Uses CIDOC-CRM E8_Acquisition as primary ontology mapping - Supports Nazi-era provenance research with nazi_era_flag - Certainty levels allow scholarly documentation of evidence quality see_also: - https://cidoc-crm.org/html/cidoc_crm_v7.1.3.html#E8 - https://www.aamd.org/object-registry - https://www.lootedart.com/ - https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/provenance/ examples: - value: event_id: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/mauritshuis-670-001 object_ref: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/object/mauritshuis-girl-pearl-earring event_type: CREATION event_date_text: c. 1665 event_timespan: begin_of_the_begin: '1664-01-01' end_of_the_end: '1667-12-31' # MIGRATED 2026-01-15: to_owner_text, from_owner_text → has_or_had_structured_description (Rule 53) has_or_had_structured_description: - description_text: Johannes Vermeer, Delft description_type: to_owner # MIGRATED 2026-01-15: transfer_location_text → event_location (Rule 53) event_location: - place_name: Delft country: NL certainty_level: CERTAIN provenance_text: Created by Johannes Vermeer, Delft, c. 1665 description: Creation of Girl with a Pearl Earring - value: event_id: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/mauritshuis-670-002 object_ref: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/object/mauritshuis-girl-pearl-earring event_type: PURCHASE event_date_text: c. 1665-1674 # MIGRATED 2026-01-15: from_owner_text, to_owner_text → has_or_had_structured_description (Rule 53) has_or_had_structured_description: - description_text: Johannes Vermeer description_type: from_owner - description_text: Pieter van Ruijven, Delft (c. 1665-1674) description_type: to_owner certainty_level: PROBABLE certainty_notes: Van Ruijven was Vermeer's patron; likely acquired directly from artist documentation: - Montias, Vermeer and His Milieu (1989), pp. 247-252 provenance_text: Possibly Pieter van Ruijven, Delft (c. 1665-1674) description: Possible purchase by van Ruijven - value: event_id: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/mauritshuis-670-005 object_ref: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/object/mauritshuis-girl-pearl-earring event_type: AUCTION event_date: '1696-05-16' event_date_text: May 16, 1696 # MIGRATED 2026-01-15: from_owner_text, to_owner_text → has_or_had_structured_description (Rule 53) has_or_had_structured_description: - description_text: Estate of Jacob Dissius description_type: from_owner - description_text: Unknown buyer description_type: to_owner # MIGRATED 2026-01-15: transfer_location_text → event_location (Rule 53) event_location: - place_name: Amsterdam country: NL auction_sale_name: Dissius sale lot_number: '36' price_text: Unknown certainty_level: CERTAIN documentation: - Dissius sale catalogue, Amsterdam, May 16, 1696, lot 36 footnote: - Catalogued as 'Een Tronij in Antique Klederen, ongemeen konstig' (A Tronie in Antique Dress, uncommonly artful) provenance_text: Dissius sale, Amsterdam, May 16, 1696, lot 36 description: 1696 Dissius auction sale - value: event_id: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/mauritshuis-670-008 object_ref: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/object/mauritshuis-girl-pearl-earring event_type: PURCHASE event_date: '1881-01-01' event_date_text: '1881' # MIGRATED 2026-01-15: from_owner_text, to_owner_text → has_or_had_structured_description (Rule 53) has_or_had_structured_description: - description_text: Unknown seller description_type: from_owner - description_text: A.A. des Tombe, The Hague description_type: to_owner price: 30 price_currency: NLG price_text: 30 guilders certainty_level: CERTAIN provenance_text: A.A. des Tombe, The Hague (purchased 1881 for 30 guilders) event_note: - Des Tombe purchased at auction for a bargain price - Painting was in poor condition and not yet attributed to Vermeer description: 1881 purchase by des Tombe - value: event_id: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/mauritshuis-670-009 object_ref: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/object/mauritshuis-girl-pearl-earring event_type: BEQUEST event_date: '1903-01-01' event_date_text: '1903' # MIGRATED 2026-01-15: from_owner_text → has_or_had_structured_description (Rule 53) has_or_had_structured_description: - description_text: A.A. des Tombe (d. 1903) description_type: from_owner - description_text: Mauritshuis, The Hague description_type: to_owner to_owner: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/custodian/nl/mauritshuis certainty_level: CERTAIN documentation: - Will of A.A. des Tombe - Mauritshuis accession records provenance_text: Bequeathed to Mauritshuis, 1903 description: 1903 bequest to Mauritshuis - value: event_id: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/example-nazi-confiscation object_ref: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/object/example-painting event_type: CONFISCATION event_date_text: '1938' # MIGRATED 2026-01-15: from_owner_text, to_owner_text → has_or_had_structured_description (Rule 53) has_or_had_structured_description: - description_text: Jewish collector, Vienna description_type: from_owner - description_text: Nazi authorities description_type: to_owner nazi_era_flag: true requires_research: true certainty_level: PROBABLE certainty_notes: Documentation incomplete; collector fled Vienna 1938 event_note: - Provenance gap requires further research - Listed on Art Loss Register description: Example Nazi-era confiscation (illustrative)