glam/schemas/20251121/linkml/modules/classes/ProvenanceEvent.yaml

id: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/class/ProvenanceEvent
name: ProvenanceEvent
title: Provenance Event Class
prefixes:
  linkml: https://w3id.org/linkml/
  hc: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/
  schema: http://schema.org/
  crm: http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/
  dcterms: http://purl.org/dc/terms/
  skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
  aat: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/
  prov: http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
imports:
- linkml:types
- ../metadata
- ./TimeSpan
- ./CustodianPlace
- ../enums/ProvenanceEventTypeEnum
- ../slots/event_id
- ../slots/object_ref
- ../slots/event_type
- ../slots/event_date
- ../slots/price
- ../slots/price_currency
- ../slots/provenance_text
- ../slots/has_auction_house
- ../slots/has_auction_sale_name
- ../slots/certainty_level
- ../slots/certainty_note
- ../slots/has_or_had_custodian_type
- ../slots/dealer_name
- ../slots/documentation
- ../slots/documentation_url
- ../slots/event_date_text
- ../slots/event_note
- ../slots/event_timespan
- ../slots/footnote
- ../slots/from_owner
- ../slots/from_owner_text
- ../slots/lot_number
- ../slots/nazi_era_flag
- ../slots/price_text
- ../slots/requires_research
- ../slots/specificity_annotation
- ../slots/template_specificity
- ../slots/to_owner
- ../slots/to_owner_text
- ../slots/transfer_location
- ../slots/transfer_location_text
- ./SpecificityAnnotation
- ./TemplateSpecificityScores
default_prefix: hc
classes:
  ProvenanceEvent:
    class_uri: crm:E8_Acquisition
    description: "An event representing a change in ownership or custody of a heritage\
      \ object.\n\nProvenanceEvent models the CHAIN OF OWNERSHIP - who owned the object,\
      \ when,\nand how ownership transferred between parties.\n\n**Key Distinction**:\n\
      \n| Concept | Class | Description |\n|---------|-------|-------------|\n| **Ownership\
      \ change** | **ProvenanceEvent** | **Sale, gift, confiscation** |\n| Temporary\
      \ custody | Loan | Exhibition loan, study loan |\n| Physical condition | ConservationRecord\
      \ | Condition, treatment |\n\n**Ontology Alignment**:\n\n- **CIDOC-CRM**: crm:E8_Acquisition\
      \ (primary)\n  \"Comprises the actions by which legal ownership of physical\
      \ objects \n  is transferred from one person or institution to another.\"\n\
      - **CIDOC-CRM**: crm:E10_Transfer_of_Custody (for custody without ownership)\n\
      - **PROV-O**: prov:Activity (provenance activity)\n- **Schema.org**: schema:TransferAction\n\
      \n**Provenance Research Standards**:\n\nSupports key provenance research requirements:\n\
      - **Nazi-era provenance**: Washington Principles, Terezín Declaration\n- **Due\
      \ diligence**: AAMD guidelines, UNESCO 1970 Convention\n- **Restitution research**:\
      \ Documentation of forced transfers\n\n**Certainty Levels**:\n\nProvenance events\
      \ can have varying certainty:\n- **CERTAIN**: Documentary evidence confirms\
      \ transfer\n- **PROBABLE**: Strong circumstantial evidence\n- **POSSIBLE**:\
      \ Reasonable inference from context\n- **UNCERTAIN**: Speculative or unverified\n\
      \n**Example Provenance Chain**:\n\n```\n1665: CREATION (Vermeer creates painting)\n\
      \     ↓\nc.1665-74: COMMISSION/PURCHASE (van Ruijven acquires)\n     ↓\n1696:\
      \ AUCTION (Dissius sale, Amsterdam)\n     ↓\n1881: PURCHASE (des Tombe buys\
      \ for 30 guilders)\n     ↓\n1903: BEQUEST (des Tombe bequeaths to Mauritshuis)\n\
      ```\n"
    exact_mappings:
    - crm:E8_Acquisition
    close_mappings:
    - crm:E10_Transfer_of_Custody
    - prov:Activity
    - schema:TransferAction
    - aat:300055863
    related_mappings:
    - crm:E7_Activity
    - schema:Action
    slots:
    - has_auction_house
    - has_auction_sale_name
    - certainty_level
    - certainty_note
    - has_or_had_custodian_type
    - dealer_name
    - documentation
    - documentation_url
    - event_date
    - event_date_text
    - event_id
    - event_note
    - event_timespan
    - event_type
    - footnote
    - from_owner
    - from_owner_text
    - lot_number
    - nazi_era_flag
    - object_ref
    - price
    - price_currency
    - price_text
    - provenance_text
    - requires_research
    - specificity_annotation
    - template_specificity
    - to_owner
    - to_owner_text
    - transfer_location
    - transfer_location_text
    slot_usage:
      event_id:
        identifier: true
        required: true
        range: uriorcurie
        slot_uri: dcterms:identifier
        description: |
          Unique identifier for this provenance event.
          Format: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/{object-slug}-{seq}          
        examples:
        - value: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/mauritshuis-670-001
        - value: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/rijksmuseum-sk-c-5-005
      object_ref:
        required: true
        range: uriorcurie
        inlined: false
        slot_uri: crm:P24_transferred_title_of
        description: |
          Reference to the object this provenance event concerns.

          CIDOC-CRM: P24_transferred_title_of - "identifies the E18 Physical Thing
          whose legal ownership was transferred."          
        examples:
        - value: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/object/mauritshuis-girl-pearl-earring
      event_type:
        required: true
        range: ProvenanceEventTypeEnum
        slot_uri: dcterms:type
        description: |
          Type of provenance event.

          Values include: CREATION, COMMISSION, PURCHASE, SALE, AUCTION,
          GIFT, DONATION, BEQUEST, INHERITANCE, CONFISCATION, LOOTING,
          THEFT, FORCED_SALE, RESTITUTION, REPATRIATION, DISCOVERY,
          EXCAVATION, TRANSFER, UNKNOWN_TRANSFER          
        examples:
        - value: BEQUEST
        - value: AUCTION
        - value: CONFISCATION
      event_date:
        required: false
        range: date
        slot_uri: schema:startDate
        description: |
          Date of the provenance event (when known precisely).
          Use event_date_text for approximate or textual dates.          
        examples:
        - value: '1903-01-01'
        - value: '1696-05-16'
      event_date_text:
        required: false
        range: string
        slot_uri: dcterms:date
        description: |
          Textual representation of date, including uncertainty.
          Use standard provenance notation: c. (circa), by, before, after.          
        examples:
        - value: c. 1665
        - value: by 1674
        - value: May 16, 1696
        - value: before 1881
        - value: 1933-1945
          description: Nazi era date range
      event_timespan:
        required: false
        range: TimeSpan
        inlined: true
        slot_uri: crm:P4_has_time-span
        description: |
          Full temporal extent with CIDOC-CRM fuzzy boundaries.
          Use for uncertain dates with outer/inner bounds.          
        examples:
        - value:
            begin_of_the_begin: '1664-01-01'
            end_of_the_end: '1674-12-31'
          description: Owned c. 1665-74 (approximately)
      from_owner:
        required: false
        range: uriorcurie
        inlined: false
        slot_uri: crm:P23_transferred_title_from
        description: |
          Previous owner (structured reference if known entity).

          CIDOC-CRM: P23_transferred_title_from - "identifies the E39 Actor
          who gave up legal ownership."

          Null for CREATION events.          
        examples:
        - value: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/person/des-tombe
      from_owner_text:
        required: false
        range: string
        slot_uri: crm:P23_transferred_title_from
        description: |
          Previous owner as text (when not a structured entity).
          Include dates, location, and relevant details.          
        examples:
        - value: A.A. des Tombe, The Hague (1881-1903)
        - value: Pieter van Ruijven, Delft (c. 1665-1674)
        - value: Unknown German collector
      to_owner:
        required: false
        range: uriorcurie
        inlined: false
        slot_uri: crm:P22_transferred_title_to
        description: |
          New owner (structured reference if known entity).

          CIDOC-CRM: P22_transferred_title_to - "identifies the E39 Actor
          who acquired legal ownership."          
        examples:
        - value: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/custodian/nl/mauritshuis
      to_owner_text:
        required: false
        range: string
        slot_uri: crm:P22_transferred_title_to
        description: |
          New owner as text (when not a structured entity).          
        examples:
        - value: Mauritshuis, The Hague
        - value: Maria de Knuijt, widow of van Ruijven
      transfer_location:
        required: false
        range: CustodianPlace
        inlined: true
        slot_uri: crm:P7_took_place_at
        description: |
          Location where transfer occurred (structured).          
        examples:
        - value:
            place_name: Amsterdam
            country: NL
      transfer_location_text:
        required: false
        range: string
        slot_uri: crm:P7_took_place_at
        description: |
          Location where transfer occurred (text).          
        examples:
        - value: Amsterdam
        - value: Dissius sale, Amsterdam
        - value: Christie's, London
      price:
        required: false
        range: decimal
        slot_uri: schema:price
        description: |
          Sale price (numeric value).          
        examples:
        - value: 30
          description: 30 guilders (1881 purchase)
        - value: 30000000
          description: Modern equivalent estimate
      price_currency:
        required: false
        range: string
        slot_uri: schema:priceCurrency
        description: |
          Currency of sale price.
          Use historical currency names for historical transactions.          
        examples:
        - value: NLG
          description: Dutch guilders
        - value: EUR
        - value: USD
        - value: RM
          description: Reichsmarks (Nazi era)
      price_text:
        required: false
        range: string
        slot_uri: schema:price
        description: |
          Price as text, including historical context.          
        examples:
        - value: 30 guilders
        - value: Purchased for 2 stuivers 10 guilders
        - value: Forced sale for nominal sum
      has_auction_house:
        required: false
        range: string
        slot_uri: schema:seller
        description: |
          Auction house name (for AUCTION events).          
        examples:
        - value: Christie's
        - value: Sotheby's
        - value: Dorotheum
      has_auction_sale_name:
        required: false
        range: string
        description: |
          Name of auction sale or catalogue.          
        examples:
        - value: Dissius sale
        - value: Important Old Master Paintings
        - value: The Collection of [Name]
      lot_number:
        required: false
        range: string
        slot_uri: dcterms:identifier
        description: |
          Auction lot number.          
        examples:
        - value: '36'
        - value: Lot 127A
      dealer_name:
        required: false
        range: string
        description: |
          Art dealer name (for DEALER_SALE events).          
        examples:
        - value: Paul Cassirer
        - value: Goupil & Cie
      documentation:
        required: false
        range: string
        multivalued: true
        slot_uri: dcterms:bibliographicCitation
        description: |
          Bibliographic citations for provenance documentation.          
        examples:
        - value: Dissius sale catalogue, Amsterdam, May 16, 1696, lot 36
        - value: Hofstede de Groot, vol. 1, no. 44
        - value: Braamcamp sale, Amsterdam, July 31, 1771, lot 54
      documentation_url:
        required: false
        range: uri
        multivalued: true
        slot_uri: schema:url
        description: |
          URLs to supporting documentation.          
        examples:
        - value: https://rkd.nl/explore/provenance/12345
        - value: https://www.getty.edu/research/provenance/sales
      certainty_level:
        required: false
        range: string
        slot_uri: crm:P141_assigned
        description: |
          Level of certainty for this provenance event.

          Values:
          - CERTAIN: Documentary evidence confirms
          - PROBABLE: Strong circumstantial evidence
          - POSSIBLE: Reasonable inference
          - UNCERTAIN: Speculative/unverified          
        examples:
        - value: CERTAIN
        - value: PROBABLE
        - value: POSSIBLE
      certainty_note:
        required: false
        range: string
        description: |
          Explanation of certainty assessment.          
        examples:
        - value: Confirmed by sale catalogue and receipt
        - value: Inferred from stylistic analysis and collection history
        - value: Provenance gap 1933-1945 requires further research
      provenance_text:
        required: false
        range: string
        slot_uri: dcterms:provenance
        description: |
          Full provenance entry text in standard notation.
          Follow Getty Provenance Index format.          
        examples:
        - value: A.A. des Tombe, The Hague (purchased 1881, d. 1903)
        - value: Dissius sale, Amsterdam, May 16, 1696, lot 36
      footnote:
        required: false
        range: string
        multivalued: true
        slot_uri: skos:note
        description: |
          Scholarly footnotes and additional documentation.          
        examples:
        - value: '[1] Montias 1989, p. 256, doc. 437'
        - value: '[2] The painting was catalogued as ''A Tronij painted in Turkish
            fashion'''
      nazi_era_flag:
        required: false
        range: boolean
        description: |
          Flag indicating this event occurred during Nazi era (1933-1945)
          or involves objects potentially affected by Nazi-era confiscation.

          **CRITICAL for provenance research compliance.**          
        examples:
        - value: true
          description: Event during 1933-1945 period
      requires_research:
        required: false
        range: boolean
        description: |
          Flag indicating provenance gap or uncertain transfer requiring
          further research.          
        examples:
        - value: true
          description: Provenance gap 1933-1945
      event_note:
        required: false
        range: string
        multivalued: true
        slot_uri: skos:note
        description: |
          Additional notes about this provenance event.          
        examples:
        - value: des Tombe purchased at auction for 30 guilders, a bargain price
        - value: The painting's attribution to Vermeer was not recognized until later
      has_or_had_custodian_type:
        equals_expression: '["hc:GalleryType", "hc:MuseumType", "hc:ArchiveOrganizationType", "hc:LibraryType", "hc:ResearchOrganizationType", "hc:HolySacredSiteType", "hc:BioCustodianType", "hc:PersonalCollectionType"]'
      specificity_annotation:
        range: SpecificityAnnotation
        inlined: true
      template_specificity:
        range: TemplateSpecificityScores
        inlined: true
    comments:
    - ProvenanceEvent models ownership transfers in an object's history
    - Links to ExhibitedObject via object_ref relationship
    - Uses ProvenanceEventTypeEnum for event classification
    - Uses CIDOC-CRM E8_Acquisition as primary ontology mapping
    - Supports Nazi-era provenance research with nazi_era_flag
    - Certainty levels allow scholarly documentation of evidence quality
    see_also:
    - https://cidoc-crm.org/html/cidoc_crm_v7.1.3.html#E8
    - https://www.aamd.org/object-registry
    - https://www.lootedart.com/
    - https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/provenance/
    examples:
    - value:
        event_id: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/mauritshuis-670-001
        object_ref: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/object/mauritshuis-girl-pearl-earring
        event_type: CREATION
        event_date_text: c. 1665
        event_timespan:
          begin_of_the_begin: '1664-01-01'
          end_of_the_end: '1667-12-31'
        from_owner_text: null
        to_owner_text: Johannes Vermeer, Delft
        transfer_location_text: Delft
        certainty_level: CERTAIN
        provenance_text: Created by Johannes Vermeer, Delft, c. 1665
      description: Creation of Girl with a Pearl Earring
    - value:
        event_id: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/mauritshuis-670-002
        object_ref: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/object/mauritshuis-girl-pearl-earring
        event_type: PURCHASE
        event_date_text: c. 1665-1674
        from_owner_text: Johannes Vermeer
        to_owner_text: Pieter van Ruijven, Delft (c. 1665-1674)
        certainty_level: PROBABLE
        certainty_notes: Van Ruijven was Vermeer's patron; likely acquired directly
          from artist
        documentation:
        - Montias, Vermeer and His Milieu (1989), pp. 247-252
        provenance_text: Possibly Pieter van Ruijven, Delft (c. 1665-1674)
      description: Possible purchase by van Ruijven
    - value:
        event_id: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/mauritshuis-670-005
        object_ref: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/object/mauritshuis-girl-pearl-earring
        event_type: AUCTION
        event_date: '1696-05-16'
        event_date_text: May 16, 1696
        from_owner_text: Estate of Jacob Dissius
        to_owner_text: Unknown buyer
        transfer_location_text: Amsterdam
        auction_sale_name: Dissius sale
        lot_number: '36'
        price_text: Unknown
        certainty_level: CERTAIN
        documentation:
        - Dissius sale catalogue, Amsterdam, May 16, 1696, lot 36
        footnote:
        - Catalogued as 'Een Tronij in Antique Klederen, ongemeen konstig' (A Tronie
          in Antique Dress, uncommonly artful)
        provenance_text: Dissius sale, Amsterdam, May 16, 1696, lot 36
      description: 1696 Dissius auction sale
    - value:
        event_id: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/mauritshuis-670-008
        object_ref: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/object/mauritshuis-girl-pearl-earring
        event_type: PURCHASE
        event_date: '1881-01-01'
        event_date_text: '1881'
        from_owner_text: Unknown seller
        to_owner_text: A.A. des Tombe, The Hague
        price: 30
        price_currency: NLG
        price_text: 30 guilders
        certainty_level: CERTAIN
        provenance_text: A.A. des Tombe, The Hague (purchased 1881 for 30 guilders)
        event_note:
        - Des Tombe purchased at auction for a bargain price
        - Painting was in poor condition and not yet attributed to Vermeer
      description: 1881 purchase by des Tombe
    - value:
        event_id: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/mauritshuis-670-009
        object_ref: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/object/mauritshuis-girl-pearl-earring
        event_type: BEQUEST
        event_date: '1903-01-01'
        event_date_text: '1903'
        from_owner_text: A.A. des Tombe (d. 1903)
        to_owner: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/custodian/nl/mauritshuis
        to_owner_text: Mauritshuis, The Hague
        certainty_level: CERTAIN
        documentation:
        - Will of A.A. des Tombe
        - Mauritshuis accession records
        provenance_text: Bequeathed to Mauritshuis, 1903
      description: 1903 bequest to Mauritshuis
    - value:
        event_id: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/example-nazi-confiscation
        object_ref: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/object/example-painting
        event_type: CONFISCATION
        event_date_text: '1938'
        from_owner_text: Jewish collector, Vienna
        to_owner_text: Nazi authorities
        nazi_era_flag: true
        requires_research: true
        certainty_level: PROBABLE
        certainty_notes: Documentation incomplete; collector fled Vienna 1938
        event_note:
        - Provenance gap requires further research
        - Listed on Art Loss Register
      description: Example Nazi-era confiscation (illustrative)
slots:
  event_date_text:
    description: Textual date representation with uncertainty
    range: string
    slot_uri: dcterms:date
  event_timespan:
    description: Full temporal extent with fuzzy boundaries
    range: TimeSpan
    slot_uri: crm:P4_has_time-span
  from_owner:
    description: Previous owner (structured reference)
    range: uriorcurie
    slot_uri: crm:P23_transferred_title_from
  from_owner_text:
    description: Previous owner as text
    range: string
    slot_uri: crm:P23_transferred_title_from
  to_owner:
    description: New owner (structured reference)
    range: uriorcurie
    slot_uri: crm:P22_transferred_title_to
  to_owner_text:
    description: New owner as text
    range: string
    slot_uri: crm:P22_transferred_title_to
  transfer_location:
    description: Location where transfer occurred
    range: CustodianPlace
    slot_uri: crm:P7_took_place_at
  transfer_location_text:
    description: Transfer location as text
    range: string
    slot_uri: crm:P7_took_place_at
  price_text:
    description: Price as text with context
    range: string
    slot_uri: schema:price
  has_auction_house:
    description: Auction house name
    range: string
    slot_uri: schema:seller
  has_auction_sale_name:
    description: Name of auction sale
    range: string
  lot_number:
    description: Auction lot number
    range: string
    slot_uri: dcterms:identifier
  dealer_name:
    description: Art dealer name
    range: string
  documentation:
    description: Bibliographic citations
    range: string
    multivalued: true
    slot_uri: dcterms:bibliographicCitation
  documentation_url:
    description: URLs to documentation
    range: uri
    multivalued: true
    slot_uri: schema:url
  certainty_level:
    description: Level of certainty for this event
    range: string
    slot_uri: crm:P141_assigned
  certainty_note:
    description: Explanation of certainty assessment
    range: string
  footnote:
    description: Scholarly footnotes
    range: string
    multivalued: true
    slot_uri: skos:note
  nazi_era_flag:
    description: Flag for Nazi era events (1933-1945)
    range: boolean
  requires_research:
    description: Flag indicating further research needed
    range: boolean
  event_note:
    description: Additional notes
    range: string
    multivalued: true
    slot_uri: skos:note