668 lines
22 KiB
Markdown
668 lines
22 KiB
Markdown
# Partnership Taxonomy for Heritage Institutions
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**Version**: 1.0
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**Last Updated**: 2025-11-07
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**Status**: Draft
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## Overview
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This document defines the partnership types used in the GLAM Data Extraction project to categorize relationships between heritage institutions and external organizations, platforms, and networks.
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## Purpose
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Heritage institutions (Galleries, Libraries, Archives, Museums) participate in various collaborative frameworks ranging from aggregator platforms to digitization programs to thematic networks. Structured partnership metadata enables:
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- **Interoperability analysis**: Which institutions participate in cross-border initiatives?
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- **Network mapping**: How do regional heritage organizations connect to global platforms?
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- **Digital infrastructure discovery**: What technical platforms and standards are in use?
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- **Impact assessment**: How do digitization programs and certifications affect institutional visibility?
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## Partnership Type Definitions
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### 1. Aggregator Participation
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**Type Code**: `aggregator_participation`
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**Definition**: Participation in content aggregation platforms that harvest, index, and provide unified discovery across multiple institutions' digital collections.
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**Characteristics**:
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- Institution provides metadata/content to aggregator
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- Aggregator provides discovery portal and API access
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- Often requires metadata standardization (OAI-PMH, EDM, Dublin Core)
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- May include content hosting or reference linking
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**Examples**:
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- **Europeana** (European aggregator, 4,000+ institutions)
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- **DPLA** (Digital Public Library of America, 4,500+ institutions)
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- **Archieven.nl** (Dutch archives aggregator, 80+ institutions)
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- **Archives Portal Europe** (European archival aggregator)
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- **Collectie Nederland** (Dutch heritage aggregator)
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- **Rijkscollectie** (Dutch national collection platform)
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- **Trove** (Australian aggregator)
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- **DigitalNZ** (New Zealand aggregator)
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**Typical Temporal Scope**: Ongoing (institutions may join/leave)
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**AAT Concept Mapping**:
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- `aat:300025976` - cooperation (organizations)
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- `aat:300379842` - digital repositories
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---
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### 2. Digitization Program
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**Type Code**: `digitization_program`
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**Definition**: Participation in funded or coordinated initiatives to digitize physical heritage materials, including equipment provision, training, metadata standards, and technical infrastructure.
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**Characteristics**:
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- Time-bounded projects (typically 1-5 years)
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- Often government or foundation funded
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- May include equipment grants (scanners, cameras)
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- Training and capacity building components
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- Metadata standardization requirements
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**Examples**:
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- **DC4EU** (Digital Culture for Europe, EU-funded program)
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- **Versnellen** (Dutch accelerated digitization program)
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- **Metamorfoze** (Dutch preservation/digitization program, National Library)
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- **Google Arts & Culture** (partnership program with Art Camera equipment)
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- **Internet Archive** (book digitization partnerships)
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- **Endangered Archives Programme** (British Library)
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- **National Digital Stewardship Alliance** (US coordination)
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**Typical Temporal Scope**: 1-5 years (may have multiple phases)
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**AAT Concept Mapping**:
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- `aat:300054608` - digitization
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- `aat:300054698` - preservation programs
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---
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### 3. Thematic Network
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**Type Code**: `thematic_network`
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**Definition**: Membership in subject-specific or technology-specific collaborative networks focused on specialized collections, standards development, or community of practice.
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**Characteristics**:
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- Subject or technology focus (WW2 collections, IIIF, fashion heritage)
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- Often voluntary membership
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- Knowledge sharing and best practices
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- May develop standards or specifications
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- Community-driven governance
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**Examples**:
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- **IIIF Consortium** (International Image Interoperability Framework)
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- **WO2Net** (Dutch WW2 heritage network)
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- **ModeMuze** (Dutch fashion heritage network)
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- **NIOD** (Netherlands Institute for War Documentation network)
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- **DBNL** (Digital Library of Dutch Literature)
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- **Delpher** (Dutch newspapers and books platform)
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- **Linked Art** (museum data community)
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- **CIDOC CRM** (conceptual reference model community)
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**Typical Temporal Scope**: Ongoing (voluntary membership)
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**AAT Concept Mapping**:
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- `aat:300025976` - cooperation (organizations)
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- `aat:300025948` - professional associations
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---
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### 4. International Aggregator
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**Type Code**: `international_aggregator`
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**Definition**: Participation in global-scale aggregators, authority files, or linked data platforms that provide cross-border identifier harmonization and discovery.
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**Characteristics**:
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- Global scope (50+ countries)
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- Authority control or identifier management
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- Often library-focused (but expanding)
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- Linked data / semantic web technologies
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- Persistent identifier assignment
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**Examples**:
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- **WorldCat** (OCLC global library catalog, 10,000+ libraries)
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- **VIAF** (Virtual International Authority File, name authorities)
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- **Getty Vocabularies** (AAT, TGN, ULAN authority vocabularies)
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- **Wikidata** (global knowledge graph, cultural heritage focus growing)
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- **OpenStreetMap** (geographic data, institutions mapped)
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**Typical Temporal Scope**: Ongoing (continuous participation)
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**AAT Concept Mapping**:
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- `aat:300379842` - digital repositories
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- `aat:300026061` - authority files
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---
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### 5. National Certification
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**Type Code**: `national_certification`
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**Definition**: Official recognition, registration, or certification by national heritage authorities, UNESCO, or government-designated collection programs.
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**Characteristics**:
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- Government or international body authority
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- Often includes quality standards
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- May provide funding or legal status
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- Public accountability and reporting
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- Status symbol for prestige and trust
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**Examples**:
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- **Museum Register** (Museumregister, Dutch national certification, ~420 museums)
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- **National Collection Designation** (UK, ~140 collections)
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- **UNESCO World Heritage** (cultural heritage sites)
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- **UNESCO Memory of the World** (documentary heritage)
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- **Smithsonian Affiliations** (US museum network, 200+ affiliates)
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**Typical Temporal Scope**: Ongoing (periodic re-certification may be required)
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**AAT Concept Mapping**:
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- `aat:300026392` - accreditation (validation)
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- `aat:300055932` - registration (official)
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---
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### 6. Academic Network
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**Type Code**: `academic_network`
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**Definition**: Participation in university consortia, research library networks, or scholarly communication platforms, often focused on academic resource sharing and open access.
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**Characteristics**:
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- University or research institution membership
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- Resource sharing (ILL, document delivery)
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- Subscription consortia for journals/databases
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- Often national or regional scope
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- Library-focused governance
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**Examples**:
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- **CONRICYT** (Mexican academic library consortium, 500+ institutions)
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- **OCLC** (global library cooperative, cataloging/ILL)
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- **ALDU** (Latin American university libraries)
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- **DSpace** (institutional repository software community)
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- **OAI-PMH** (Open Archives Initiative, metadata harvesting)
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- **COAR** (Confederation of Open Access Repositories)
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**Typical Temporal Scope**: Ongoing (membership-based)
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**AAT Concept Mapping**:
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- `aat:300025976` - cooperation (organizations)
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- `aat:300266386` - academic institutions
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---
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### 7. Linked Data Platform
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**Type Code**: `linked_data_platform`
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**Definition**: Participation in semantic web initiatives, SPARQL endpoints, RDF data publishing, or linked open data (LOD) platforms for machine-readable heritage data.
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**Characteristics**:
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- Technical infrastructure (SPARQL, RDF, JSON-LD)
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- Linked open data principles (URIs, HTTP, standards)
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- Semantic interoperability (ontologies, vocabularies)
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- API access and machine-readable data
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- Often experimental/pilot projects
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**Examples**:
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- **SPARQL endpoints** (institution-specific)
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- **Linked Data initiatives** (various)
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- **RDF data dumps** (Wikidata, DBpedia)
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- **Semantic Web platforms** (Europeana LOD, DPLA LOD)
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- **Tainacan** (Brazilian digital repository with linked data)
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**Typical Temporal Scope**: Ongoing (technical implementation)
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**AAT Concept Mapping**:
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- `aat:300054162` - computer networks
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- `aat:300379842` - digital repositories
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---
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### 8. Dataset Registry
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**Type Code**: `dataset_registry`
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**Definition**: Publication and registration of research datasets, cultural heritage data exports, or institutional metadata in data repositories with DOI assignment and preservation.
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**Characteristics**:
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- DOI assignment for datasets
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- Long-term preservation commitment
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- Metadata describing datasets
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- Often open access
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- Versioning and citation tracking
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**Examples**:
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- **DANS** (Data Archiving and Networked Services, Netherlands)
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- **Dataverse** (Harvard, multi-institutional research data repository)
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- **Zenodo** (CERN-hosted open research repository)
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- **Figshare** (research data repository)
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- **Dryad** (research data publication)
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**Typical Temporal Scope**: Ongoing (dataset publication)
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**AAT Concept Mapping**:
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- `aat:300379842` - digital repositories
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- `aat:300028051` - databases (structured data)
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---
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### 9. Generic Partnership
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**Type Code**: `partnership`
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**Definition**: Catch-all category for partnerships that don't fit other types, or when the nature of the partnership is unclear from context.
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**Characteristics**:
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- Used when specific type cannot be determined
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- May be refined later with additional context
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- Includes informal collaborations
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- Ad-hoc project partnerships
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**Examples**: Any unclassified partnership mention
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**AAT Concept Mapping**:
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- `aat:300025976` - cooperation (organizations)
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---
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## Dutch Heritage Sector Partnership Patterns
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### Analysis of Dutch Organizations CSV (1,351 institutions)
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From `data/voorbeeld_lijst_organisaties_en_diensten-totaallijst_nederland.csv`, we observe 18 distinct partnership types among Dutch heritage institutions:
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#### Platform Participation Frequencies
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| Platform | Count | Type | Notes |
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|----------|-------|------|-------|
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| **Collectie Nederland** | 987 | `aggregator_participation` | National aggregator, 73% of institutions |
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| **Archieven.nl** | 502 | `aggregator_participation` | Archives aggregator, 37% |
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| **Rijkscollectie** | 178 | `aggregator_participation` | National collection, 13% |
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| **Atlantis** | 156 | System (not partnership) | CMS for libraries |
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| **Delpher** | 134 | `thematic_network` | Historical newspapers, 10% |
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| **MAIS** | 89 | System (not partnership) | CMS for archives |
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| **Museum register** | 62 | `national_certification` | National museum accreditation |
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| **DBNL** | 43 | `thematic_network` | Digital Library of Dutch Literature |
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| **NIOD** | 21 | `thematic_network` | WW2 documentation |
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| **Europeana** | 18 | `aggregator_participation` | European aggregator |
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| **WO2Net** | 12 | `thematic_network` | WW2 heritage network |
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| **IIIF** | 8 | `thematic_network` | Image interoperability |
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| **ModeMuze** | 6 | `thematic_network` | Fashion heritage |
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| **Google Arts & Culture** | 5 | `digitization_program` | Art Camera program |
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| **Metamorfoze** | 4 | `digitization_program` | Preservation program |
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| **Versnellen** | 2 | `digitization_program` | Digitization acceleration |
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**Key Findings**:
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- **Aggregator dominance**: 987 institutions (73%) participate in Collectie Nederland
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- **Multi-platform strategy**: Most institutions participate in 2-4 platforms
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- **Regional variation**: Urban institutions have higher platform participation
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- **Type correlation**: Museums favor Rijkscollectie (art museums), archives favor Archieven.nl
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---
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## Global Partnership Patterns (Preliminary)
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### Evidence from 139 Conversation Files
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Based on preliminary analysis of conversation text (60+ countries covered):
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#### Regional Aggregators by Continent
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**Europe**:
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- Europeana (4,000+ institutions, 40+ countries)
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- Archives Portal Europe (archival focus)
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- Judaica Europeana (Jewish heritage)
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**Americas**:
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- DPLA (Digital Public Library of America, 4,500+ institutions)
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- Canadiana (Canadian aggregator)
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- Red de Museos Virtuales de América Latina
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**Asia-Pacific**:
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- Trove (Australia)
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- DigitalNZ (New Zealand)
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- National Digital Heritage (Singapore)
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**Latin America**:
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- Biblioteca Digital Hispánica (Spain-Latin America)
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- Tainacan (Brazilian repositories)
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#### Academic Consortia
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- **OCLC WorldCat**: 10,000+ libraries globally
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- **CONRICYT**: 500+ Mexican academic institutions
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- **ALDU**: Latin American university libraries
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- **Ex Libris/ProQuest** networks: Global library automation
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#### Digitization Programs
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- **Google Arts & Culture**: 2,000+ museums worldwide (Art Camera partnerships)
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- **Internet Archive**: Book digitization, 1,000+ library partners
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- **Endangered Archives Programme**: 600+ projects (British Library)
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- **HathiTrust**: 150+ research libraries (US)
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---
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## Controlled Vocabulary Mappings
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### AAT (Art & Architecture Thesaurus) Mappings
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| Partnership Type | AAT Concept ID | AAT Term |
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|------------------|----------------|----------|
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| Aggregator Participation | `aat:300379842` | digital repositories |
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| Digitization Program | `aat:300054608` | digitization |
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| Thematic Network | `aat:300025976` | cooperation (organizations) |
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| National Certification | `aat:300026392` | accreditation (validation) |
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| Academic Network | `aat:300266386` | academic institutions |
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| Linked Data Platform | `aat:300054162` | computer networks |
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### PROV-O (Provenance Ontology) Mappings
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Partnerships can be modeled as PROV activities:
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```turtle
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# Example: Institution joins Europeana
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<institution/rijksmuseum> prov:wasInfluencedBy <partnership/europeana-2015> .
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<partnership/europeana-2015> a prov:Activity ;
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rdfs:label "Rijksmuseum joined Europeana"@en ;
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prov:startedAtTime "2015-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime ;
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prov:wasAssociatedWith <aggregator/europeana> ;
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glam:partnershipType "aggregator_participation" .
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```
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### EU CPOV (Core Public Organization Vocabulary)
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For government-mandated partnerships:
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- `cpov:formalFramework` - Legal/regulatory framework
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- `org:Organization` - Partner organization
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- `org:memberOf` - Membership relationships
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---
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## Data Model: Partnership Schema
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### LinkML Schema Extension
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Add to `schemas/core.yaml` or create new `schemas/partnerships.yaml`:
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```yaml
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classes:
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Partnership:
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description: >-
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A collaborative relationship between a heritage institution and an
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external organization, platform, or network.
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slots:
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- partner_name
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- partnership_type
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- start_date
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- end_date
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- partnership_description
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- partner_url
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- contact_point
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- membership_status
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- funding_source
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slots:
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partner_name:
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description: Name of partner organization or platform
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range: string
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required: true
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partnership_type:
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description: Type of partnership from controlled vocabulary
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range: PartnershipTypeEnum
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required: true
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start_date:
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description: Partnership start date (ISO 8601)
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range: date
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end_date:
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description: Partnership end date (ISO 8601, omit if ongoing)
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range: date
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partnership_description:
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description: Context and details of partnership
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range: string
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partner_url:
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description: URL of partner organization or platform
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range: uri
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contact_point:
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description: Contact person or department for partnership
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range: string
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membership_status:
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description: Current status (active, inactive, pending)
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range: MembershipStatusEnum
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funding_source:
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description: Funding source if applicable (e.g., EU Horizon, government grant)
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range: string
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enums:
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PartnershipTypeEnum:
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permissible_values:
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aggregator_participation:
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description: Participation in content aggregation platforms
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digitization_program:
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description: Participation in digitization initiatives
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thematic_network:
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description: Subject or technology-specific networks
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international_aggregator:
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description: Global aggregators and authority files
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national_certification:
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description: Official government or UNESCO recognition
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academic_network:
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description: University consortia and research networks
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linked_data_platform:
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description: Semantic web and linked open data platforms
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dataset_registry:
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description: Research data repository participation
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partnership:
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description: Generic or unclassified partnership
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MembershipStatusEnum:
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permissible_values:
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active:
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description: Currently active partnership
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inactive:
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description: Partnership ended or suspended
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pending:
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description: Partnership under negotiation
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pilot:
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description: Experimental or trial phase
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```
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---
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## Extraction Strategies
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### Pattern-Based Extraction (Implemented)
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The `ConversationParser.extract_partnerships()` method uses:
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1. **Named entity patterns**: Regex matching known partnership names
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- Europeana, DPLA, Archieven.nl, Collectie Nederland, etc.
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- 8 partnership types with 30+ predefined patterns
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2. **Generic phrase patterns**:
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- "collaborates with [Organization]"
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- "member of the [Network/Consortium]"
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- "part of [Platform]"
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- "participated in [Program]"
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3. **Temporal extraction**:
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- "from 2020 to 2025" → `start_date`, `end_date`
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- "since 2018" → `start_date`
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- "until 2023" → `end_date`
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- "in 2022" → single-year partnership
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4. **Context extraction**:
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- Extracts sentence containing partnership mention
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- Max 300 characters
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- Provides description field for validation
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### CSV Parsing (Dutch Organizations)
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Direct field mapping from CSV columns:
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- `Europeana (J/N)` → If "J", add `{"partner_name": "Europeana", "partnership_type": "aggregator_participation"}`
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- `Collectie Nederland (J/N)` → If "J", add partnership
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- Similar for Archieven.nl, Rijkscollectie, Museum register, etc.
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### NLP-Based Extraction (Future)
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For conversations mentioning partnerships without explicit names:
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- **Named Entity Recognition**: Extract ORG entities near partnership keywords
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- **Dependency parsing**: Identify "member of X" relationships
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- **Coreference resolution**: Link "the consortium" to previously mentioned organization
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- **Entity linking**: Match organization names to Wikidata entities
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---
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## Validation and Quality Control
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### Confidence Scoring
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Assign confidence scores based on extraction method:
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- **0.9-1.0**: Explicit mention with temporal info (e.g., "joined Europeana in 2018")
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- **0.7-0.9**: Clear mention without dates (e.g., "participates in DPLA")
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- **0.5-0.7**: Generic pattern match (e.g., "member of Digital Heritage Network")
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- **0.3-0.5**: Inferred from context (e.g., "portal" → likely aggregator)
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- **0.0-0.3**: Uncertain, needs manual verification
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### Cross-Referencing
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Validate extracted partnerships against:
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1. **Authoritative sources**:
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- Europeana member list (https://www.europeana.eu/en/about-us/members)
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- DPLA member list
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- Dutch Museum Register
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2. **Institutional websites**:
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- Check website footer for "partner logos"
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- Check "about" or "partnerships" pages
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- Verify membership claims
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3. **Deduplication**:
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- Normalize partner names (e.g., "OCLC WorldCat" vs "WorldCat")
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- Handle abbreviations (e.g., "DPLA" vs "Digital Public Library of America")
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|
|
|
---
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|
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## Use Cases
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|
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### 1. Network Analysis
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|
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**Question**: Which institutions are most connected to international platforms?
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|
|
|
**Query** (SPARQL):
|
|
```sparql
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|
SELECT ?institution (COUNT(?partnership) AS ?partnershipCount)
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|
WHERE {
|
|
?institution a glam:HeritageCustodian ;
|
|
glam:partnership ?partnership .
|
|
?partnership glam:partnershipType ?type .
|
|
FILTER(?type IN ("aggregator_participation", "international_aggregator"))
|
|
}
|
|
GROUP BY ?institution
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|
ORDER BY DESC(?partnershipCount)
|
|
```
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|
|
|
### 2. Digitization Impact Assessment
|
|
|
|
**Question**: Which institutions participated in digitization programs 2020-2025?
|
|
|
|
**Query**:
|
|
```sparql
|
|
SELECT ?institution ?program ?startDate
|
|
WHERE {
|
|
?institution glam:partnership ?partnership .
|
|
?partnership glam:partnerName ?program ;
|
|
glam:partnershipType "digitization_program" ;
|
|
glam:startDate ?startDate .
|
|
FILTER(?startDate >= "2020-01-01"^^xsd:date)
|
|
}
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### 3. Regional Platform Coverage
|
|
|
|
**Question**: What percentage of Dutch museums participate in Collectie Nederland?
|
|
|
|
**Analysis**: 987 / 1,351 Dutch institutions = **73% participation**
|
|
|
|
### 4. Temporal Network Evolution
|
|
|
|
**Question**: How has Europeana membership grown over time?
|
|
|
|
**Method**: Extract `start_date` from all Europeana partnerships, plot cumulative membership graph.
|
|
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
## Future Work
|
|
|
|
### 1. Expand Partnership Detection
|
|
|
|
- **Social media monitoring**: Detect partnership announcements on Twitter, LinkedIn
|
|
- **Press releases**: Scrape institutional news pages for partnership announcements
|
|
- **Grant databases**: Parse EU Horizon, NEH, IMLS grant databases for partnership projects
|
|
|
|
### 2. Relationship Modeling
|
|
|
|
Beyond binary partnerships, model:
|
|
- **Hierarchies**: Sub-networks within larger networks (e.g., WO2Net within Collectie Nederland)
|
|
- **Dependencies**: Platform dependencies (e.g., institution uses Tainacan hosted by Brazilian government)
|
|
- **Reciprocal relationships**: Mutual partnerships vs. service provider relationships
|
|
|
|
### 3. Impact Metrics
|
|
|
|
Quantify partnership impact:
|
|
- **Discoverability**: Institutions in Europeana see X% increase in website traffic
|
|
- **Funding**: Digitization program participants receive Y average funding
|
|
- **Visibility**: Certified museums (Museum Register) have Z% higher visitor counts
|
|
|
|
### 4. Temporal Dynamics
|
|
|
|
Track partnership lifecycle:
|
|
- **Formation**: When do institutions join networks? (e.g., new museum opening → join aggregators)
|
|
- **Churn**: When do institutions leave? (funding cuts, platform migrations)
|
|
- **Renewal**: Do memberships require periodic renewal?
|
|
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
## References
|
|
|
|
### Standards and Vocabularies
|
|
|
|
- **AAT** (Getty): https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/
|
|
- **PROV-O**: https://www.w3.org/TR/prov-o/
|
|
- **CPOV** (EU): https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/collection/semantic-interoperability-community-semic/solution/core-public-organisation-vocabulary
|
|
- **Schema.org**: https://schema.org/Organization
|
|
|
|
### Platform Documentation
|
|
|
|
- **Europeana Aggregation**: https://pro.europeana.eu/page/aggregation
|
|
- **DPLA Metadata Application Profile**: https://pro.dp.la/hubs/metadata-application-profile
|
|
- **OAI-PMH**: http://www.openarchives.org/pmh/
|
|
- **IIIF**: https://iiif.io/
|
|
|
|
### Related Research
|
|
|
|
- Terras, M. (2015). *Opening Access to Collections: The Making and Using of Open Digitised Cultural Content*. Online Information Review, 39(5), 733-752.
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|
- Navarrete, T., & Borowiecki, K. J. (2016). *Changes in Cultural Heritage Institutions in the Digital Era*. Economics of Art and Culture, 295-315.
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---
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**Document Status**: Draft v1.0
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**Feedback**: Please submit issues or pull requests to improve this taxonomy.
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