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glam/schemas/20251121/linkml/modules/classes/ProvenanceEvent.yaml
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feat: update manifest.json timestamp and refactor Custodian and PersonObservation schemas with new slots for entity status and observation source documents
2026-01-16 14:33:06 +01:00

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YAML
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id: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/class/ProvenanceEvent
name: ProvenanceEvent
title: Provenance Event Class
prefixes:
linkml: https://w3id.org/linkml/
hc: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/
schema: http://schema.org/
crm: http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/
dcterms: http://purl.org/dc/terms/
skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
aat: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/
prov: http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
imports:
- linkml:types
- ../metadata
- ./TimeSpan
- ./CustodianPlace
- ../enums/ProvenanceEventTypeEnum
- ../slots/event_id
- ../slots/object_ref
- ../slots/event_type
- ../slots/event_date
- ../slots/price
- ../slots/price_currency
- ../slots/provenance_text
- ../slots/has_auction_house
- ../slots/has_auction_sale_name
- ../slots/certainty_level
- ../slots/certainty_note
- ../slots/has_or_had_custodian_type
- ../slots/dealer_name
- ../slots/documentation
- ../slots/documentation_url
- ../slots/event_date_text
- ../slots/event_note
- ../slots/event_timespan
- ../slots/footnote
- ../slots/from_owner
# REMOVED 2026-01-15: from_owner_text - migrated to has_or_had_structured_description (Rule 53, symmetry with to_owner_text)
- ../slots/lot_number
- ../slots/nazi_era_flag
- ../slots/price_text
- ../slots/requires_research
- ../slots/specificity_annotation
- ../slots/template_specificity
- ../slots/to_owner
- ../slots/has_or_had_structured_description # was: to_owner_text - migrated per Rule 53 (2026-01-15)
# REMOVED 2026-01-15: transfer_location, transfer_location_text - migrated to event_location (Rule 53)
- ../slots/event_location
- ./SpecificityAnnotation
- ./TemplateSpecificityScores
default_prefix: hc
classes:
ProvenanceEvent:
class_uri: crm:E8_Acquisition
description: "An event representing a change in ownership or custody of a heritage object.\n\nProvenanceEvent models the\
\ CHAIN OF OWNERSHIP - who owned the object, when,\nand how ownership transferred between parties.\n\n**Key Distinction**:\n\
\n| Concept | Class | Description |\n|---------|-------|-------------|\n| **Ownership change** | **ProvenanceEvent**\
\ | **Sale, gift, confiscation** |\n| Temporary custody | Loan | Exhibition loan, study loan |\n| Physical condition\
\ | ConservationRecord | Condition, treatment |\n\n**Ontology Alignment**:\n\n- **CIDOC-CRM**: crm:E8_Acquisition (primary)\n\
\ \"Comprises the actions by which legal ownership of physical objects \n is transferred from one person or institution\
\ to another.\"\n- **CIDOC-CRM**: crm:E10_Transfer_of_Custody (for custody without ownership)\n- **PROV-O**: prov:Activity\
\ (provenance activity)\n- **Schema.org**: schema:TransferAction\n\n**Provenance Research Standards**:\n\nSupports key\
\ provenance research requirements:\n- **Nazi-era provenance**: Washington Principles, Terezín Declaration\n- **Due\
\ diligence**: AAMD guidelines, UNESCO 1970 Convention\n- **Restitution research**: Documentation of forced transfers\n\
\n**Certainty Levels**:\n\nProvenance events can have varying certainty:\n- **CERTAIN**: Documentary evidence confirms\
\ transfer\n- **PROBABLE**: Strong circumstantial evidence\n- **POSSIBLE**: Reasonable inference from context\n- **UNCERTAIN**:\
\ Speculative or unverified\n\n**Example Provenance Chain**:\n\n```\n1665: CREATION (Vermeer creates painting)\n \
\ ↓\nc.1665-74: COMMISSION/PURCHASE (van Ruijven acquires)\n ↓\n1696: AUCTION (Dissius sale, Amsterdam)\n ↓\n\
1881: PURCHASE (des Tombe buys for 30 guilders)\n ↓\n1903: BEQUEST (des Tombe bequeaths to Mauritshuis)\n```\n"
exact_mappings:
- crm:E8_Acquisition
close_mappings:
- crm:E10_Transfer_of_Custody
- prov:Activity
- schema:TransferAction
- aat:300055863
related_mappings:
- crm:E7_Activity
- schema:Action
slots:
- has_auction_house
- has_auction_sale_name
- certainty_level
- certainty_note
- has_or_had_custodian_type
- dealer_name
- documentation
- documentation_url
- event_date
- event_date_text
- event_id
- event_note
- event_timespan
- event_type
- footnote
- from_owner
# MIGRATED 2026-01-15: from_owner_text → has_or_had_structured_description (Rule 53, symmetry with to_owner_text)
- lot_number
- nazi_era_flag
- object_ref
- price
- price_currency
- price_text
- provenance_text
- requires_research
- specificity_annotation
- template_specificity
- to_owner
- has_or_had_structured_description # was: to_owner_text - migrated per Rule 53 (2026-01-15)
# MIGRATED 2026-01-15: transfer_location, transfer_location_text → event_location (Rule 53)
- event_location
slot_usage:
event_id:
identifier: true
required: true
range: uriorcurie
examples:
- value: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/mauritshuis-670-001
- value: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/rijksmuseum-sk-c-5-005
object_ref:
required: true
range: uriorcurie
inlined: false
examples:
- value: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/object/mauritshuis-girl-pearl-earring
event_type:
required: true
range: ProvenanceEventTypeEnum
examples:
- value: BEQUEST
- value: AUCTION
- value: CONFISCATION
event_date:
required: false
range: date
examples:
- value: '1903-01-01'
- value: '1696-05-16'
event_date_text:
required: false
range: string
examples:
- value: c. 1665
- value: by 1674
- value: May 16, 1696
- value: before 1881
- value: 1933-1945
description: Nazi era date range
event_timespan:
required: false
range: TimeSpan
inlined: true
examples:
- value:
begin_of_the_begin: '1664-01-01'
end_of_the_end: '1674-12-31'
description: Owned c. 1665-74 (approximately)
from_owner:
required: false
range: uriorcurie
inlined: false
examples:
- value: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/person/des-tombe
to_owner:
required: false
range: uriorcurie
inlined: false
examples:
- value: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/custodian/nl/mauritshuis
has_or_had_structured_description: # was: to_owner_text, from_owner_text - migrated per Rule 53 (2026-01-15)
description: |
Owner (source or destination) described as text when no structured entity exists.
MIGRATED from to_owner_text and from_owner_text per slot_fixes.yaml (Rule 53, 2026-01-15).
Use Description class with description_type to distinguish:
- "from_owner": Previous owner (source of transfer)
- "to_owner": New owner (destination of transfer)
required: false
multivalued: true
examples:
# from_owner examples (migrated from from_owner_text)
- value:
description_text: A.A. des Tombe, The Hague (1881-1903)
description_type: from_owner
description: Previous owner as text with dates and location
- value:
description_text: Pieter van Ruijven, Delft (c. 1665-1674)
description_type: from_owner
description: Historical owner with approximate dates
- value:
description_text: Unknown German collector
description_type: from_owner
description: Anonymous previous owner
# to_owner examples (migrated from to_owner_text)
- value:
description_text: Mauritshuis, The Hague
description_type: to_owner
description: Transfer destination as text (when structured entity not available)
- value:
description_text: Maria de Knuijt, widow of van Ruijven
description_type: to_owner
description: Historical owner as text
# MIGRATED 2026-01-15: transfer_location, transfer_location_text → event_location (Rule 53)
event_location:
description: |
Location where the provenance event (ownership/custody transfer) occurred.
Replaces bespoke transfer_location and transfer_location_text slots.
required: false
range: CustodianPlace
multivalued: true
inlined: true
examples:
- value:
place_name: Amsterdam
country: NL
description: Event at auction in Amsterdam
- value:
place_name: Dissius sale, Amsterdam
description: Specific sale event location
- value:
place_name: Christie's, London
country: GB
description: Auction house location
price:
required: false
range: decimal
examples:
- value: 30
description: 30 guilders (1881 purchase)
- value: 30000000
description: Modern equivalent estimate
price_currency:
required: false
range: string
examples:
- value: NLG
description: Dutch guilders
- value: EUR
- value: USD
- value: RM
description: Reichsmarks (Nazi era)
price_text:
required: false
range: string
examples:
- value: 30 guilders
- value: Purchased for 2 stuivers 10 guilders
- value: Forced sale for nominal sum
has_auction_house:
required: false
range: string
examples:
- value: Christie's
- value: Sotheby's
- value: Dorotheum
has_auction_sale_name:
required: false
range: string
examples:
- value: Dissius sale
- value: Important Old Master Paintings
- value: The Collection of [Name]
lot_number:
required: false
range: string
examples:
- value: '36'
- value: Lot 127A
dealer_name:
required: false
range: string
examples:
- value: Paul Cassirer
- value: Goupil & Cie
documentation:
required: false
range: string
multivalued: true
examples:
- value: Dissius sale catalogue, Amsterdam, May 16, 1696, lot 36
- value: Hofstede de Groot, vol. 1, no. 44
- value: Braamcamp sale, Amsterdam, July 31, 1771, lot 54
documentation_url:
required: false
range: uri
multivalued: true
examples:
- value: https://rkd.nl/explore/provenance/12345
- value: https://www.getty.edu/research/provenance/sales
certainty_level:
required: false
range: string
examples:
- value: CERTAIN
- value: PROBABLE
- value: POSSIBLE
certainty_note:
required: false
range: string
examples:
- value: Confirmed by sale catalogue and receipt
- value: Inferred from stylistic analysis and collection history
- value: Provenance gap 1933-1945 requires further research
provenance_text:
required: false
range: string
examples:
- value: A.A. des Tombe, The Hague (purchased 1881, d. 1903)
- value: Dissius sale, Amsterdam, May 16, 1696, lot 36
footnote:
required: false
range: string
multivalued: true
examples:
- value: '[1] Montias 1989, p. 256, doc. 437'
- value: '[2] The painting was catalogued as ''A Tronij painted in Turkish fashion'''
nazi_era_flag:
required: false
range: boolean
examples:
- value: true
description: Event during 1933-1945 period
requires_research:
required: false
range: boolean
examples:
- value: true
description: Provenance gap 1933-1945
event_note:
required: false
range: string
multivalued: true
examples:
- value: des Tombe purchased at auction for 30 guilders, a bargain price
- value: The painting's attribution to Vermeer was not recognized until later
has_or_had_custodian_type:
equals_expression: '["hc:GalleryType", "hc:MuseumType", "hc:ArchiveOrganizationType", "hc:LibraryType", "hc:ResearchOrganizationType",
"hc:HolySacredSiteType", "hc:BioCustodianType", "hc:PersonalCollectionType"]'
comments:
- ProvenanceEvent models ownership transfers in an object's history
- Links to ExhibitedObject via object_ref relationship
- Uses ProvenanceEventTypeEnum for event classification
- Uses CIDOC-CRM E8_Acquisition as primary ontology mapping
- Supports Nazi-era provenance research with nazi_era_flag
- Certainty levels allow scholarly documentation of evidence quality
see_also:
- https://cidoc-crm.org/html/cidoc_crm_v7.1.3.html#E8
- https://www.aamd.org/object-registry
- https://www.lootedart.com/
- https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/provenance/
examples:
- value:
event_id: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/mauritshuis-670-001
object_ref: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/object/mauritshuis-girl-pearl-earring
event_type: CREATION
event_date_text: c. 1665
event_timespan:
begin_of_the_begin: '1664-01-01'
end_of_the_end: '1667-12-31'
# MIGRATED 2026-01-15: to_owner_text, from_owner_text → has_or_had_structured_description (Rule 53)
has_or_had_structured_description:
- description_text: Johannes Vermeer, Delft
description_type: to_owner
# MIGRATED 2026-01-15: transfer_location_text → event_location (Rule 53)
event_location:
- place_name: Delft
country: NL
certainty_level: CERTAIN
provenance_text: Created by Johannes Vermeer, Delft, c. 1665
description: Creation of Girl with a Pearl Earring
- value:
event_id: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/mauritshuis-670-002
object_ref: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/object/mauritshuis-girl-pearl-earring
event_type: PURCHASE
event_date_text: c. 1665-1674
# MIGRATED 2026-01-15: from_owner_text, to_owner_text → has_or_had_structured_description (Rule 53)
has_or_had_structured_description:
- description_text: Johannes Vermeer
description_type: from_owner
- description_text: Pieter van Ruijven, Delft (c. 1665-1674)
description_type: to_owner
certainty_level: PROBABLE
certainty_notes: Van Ruijven was Vermeer's patron; likely acquired directly from artist
documentation:
- Montias, Vermeer and His Milieu (1989), pp. 247-252
provenance_text: Possibly Pieter van Ruijven, Delft (c. 1665-1674)
description: Possible purchase by van Ruijven
- value:
event_id: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/mauritshuis-670-005
object_ref: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/object/mauritshuis-girl-pearl-earring
event_type: AUCTION
event_date: '1696-05-16'
event_date_text: May 16, 1696
# MIGRATED 2026-01-15: from_owner_text, to_owner_text → has_or_had_structured_description (Rule 53)
has_or_had_structured_description:
- description_text: Estate of Jacob Dissius
description_type: from_owner
- description_text: Unknown buyer
description_type: to_owner
# MIGRATED 2026-01-15: transfer_location_text → event_location (Rule 53)
event_location:
- place_name: Amsterdam
country: NL
auction_sale_name: Dissius sale
lot_number: '36'
price_text: Unknown
certainty_level: CERTAIN
documentation:
- Dissius sale catalogue, Amsterdam, May 16, 1696, lot 36
footnote:
- Catalogued as 'Een Tronij in Antique Klederen, ongemeen konstig' (A Tronie in Antique Dress, uncommonly artful)
provenance_text: Dissius sale, Amsterdam, May 16, 1696, lot 36
description: 1696 Dissius auction sale
- value:
event_id: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/mauritshuis-670-008
object_ref: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/object/mauritshuis-girl-pearl-earring
event_type: PURCHASE
event_date: '1881-01-01'
event_date_text: '1881'
# MIGRATED 2026-01-15: from_owner_text, to_owner_text → has_or_had_structured_description (Rule 53)
has_or_had_structured_description:
- description_text: Unknown seller
description_type: from_owner
- description_text: A.A. des Tombe, The Hague
description_type: to_owner
price: 30
price_currency: NLG
price_text: 30 guilders
certainty_level: CERTAIN
provenance_text: A.A. des Tombe, The Hague (purchased 1881 for 30 guilders)
event_note:
- Des Tombe purchased at auction for a bargain price
- Painting was in poor condition and not yet attributed to Vermeer
description: 1881 purchase by des Tombe
- value:
event_id: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/mauritshuis-670-009
object_ref: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/object/mauritshuis-girl-pearl-earring
event_type: BEQUEST
event_date: '1903-01-01'
event_date_text: '1903'
# MIGRATED 2026-01-15: from_owner_text → has_or_had_structured_description (Rule 53)
has_or_had_structured_description:
- description_text: A.A. des Tombe (d. 1903)
description_type: from_owner
- description_text: Mauritshuis, The Hague
description_type: to_owner
to_owner: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/custodian/nl/mauritshuis
certainty_level: CERTAIN
documentation:
- Will of A.A. des Tombe
- Mauritshuis accession records
provenance_text: Bequeathed to Mauritshuis, 1903
description: 1903 bequest to Mauritshuis
- value:
event_id: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/provenance/example-nazi-confiscation
object_ref: https://nde.nl/ontology/hc/object/example-painting
event_type: CONFISCATION
event_date_text: '1938'
# MIGRATED 2026-01-15: from_owner_text, to_owner_text → has_or_had_structured_description (Rule 53)
has_or_had_structured_description:
- description_text: Jewish collector, Vienna
description_type: from_owner
- description_text: Nazi authorities
description_type: to_owner
nazi_era_flag: true
requires_research: true
certainty_level: PROBABLE
certainty_notes: Documentation incomplete; collector fled Vienna 1938
event_note:
- Provenance gap requires further research
- Listed on Art Loss Register
description: Example Nazi-era confiscation (illustrative)
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